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Definition:
Physics
is a knowledge system which studies the duality nature of paired
elements as well as their relations with other pairs.
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Triality | Complementarity |
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Polarity | Mechanics | Cosmology |
Duality of Matter: Antimatter
All things in this world appear in pairs. According to this philosophy, for every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or antiparticle.
Antiparticles look and behave just like their corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges. For instance, a proton is electrically positive whereas an antiproton is electrically negative. Gravity affects matter and antimatter the same way because gravity is not a charged property and a matter particle has the same mass as its antiparticle.
Symmetry Breaking in Yang-Mills Field:
Millennium Prize Problem by Clay
Mathematical Institute:
Yang-Mills
Existence and Mass Gap
Possible Method for the Solution: Duality
Theory
Please see
Official
Problem Description authored by Arthur Jaffe and Edward Witten
Unified Field Theory
Unified Field Theory, in physics, a theory that proposes to unify the four known interactions, or forces—the strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces—by a simple set of general laws. Four distinct forces are known to control all the observed interactions in matter: gravitation, electromagnetism, the strong force (a short-range force that holds atomic nuclei together), and the weak force (the force responsible for slow nuclear processes, such as beta decay). The attempts to develop a unified field theory are grounded in the belief that all physical phenomena should ultimately be explainable by some underlying unity.
One of the first to attempt the development of such a theory was Albert Einstein, whose work in relativity had led him to the hypothesis that it should be possible to find a unifying theory for the electromagnetic and gravitational forces. Einstein tried unsuccessfully during the last 30 years of his life to develop a theory that would represent forces and material particles by fields only, in which particles would be regions of very high field intensity. The development of quantum theory, which Einstein rejected, and the discovery of many new particles, however, precluded Einstein's success in formulating a unifying theory based on relativity and classical physics alone.
An important advance in this quest was made in 1967-68 by the American physicist Steven Weinberg and the Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam. They succeeded in unifying the weak interaction and the electromagnetic interaction by using a mathematical technique known as gauge symmetry. According to this theory the electromagnetic interaction consists of the exchange of a photon, and the weak interaction of the exchange of W and Z intermediate bosons. These bosons are believed to belong to the same family of particles as the photons. Theoretical physicists are currently attempting to combine this so-called electroweak theory with the strong nuclear force, using symmetry theories; such attempts are known as grand unification theories, or GUTs. The effort also continues to combine all four fundamental interactions, including gravitation, in what are now known as supersymmetry theories. Thus far, however, such attempts have not succeeded, although they are proving useful in current work in cosmology (see Inflationary Theory).
Conservation Laws. in physics, any of a group of laws stating that in a closed system that undergoes a physical process, certain measurable quantities remain constant. Many consider conservation laws the most fundamental laws of physics. In the 18th century the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier was the first to formulate such a law, the law of conservation of matter or mass, which stated that, in a chemical reaction, the total amount of matter of the reaction compounds remains constant. This law was expressed in a more general form as follows: The total amount of matter in a closed system remains constant.
By the beginning of the 19th century, scientists had realized that energy occurs in the different forms of kinetic energy, potential energy, and thermal energy (heat), and that it can be converted from one form to another. As a consequence of this insight the law of conservation of energy was formulated by the German scientists Hermann von Helmholtz and Julius Robert von Mayer and the British physicist James Prescott Joule. The law, which states that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy, and thermal energy in a closed system remains constant, is now generally known as the first law of thermodynamics. In classical mechanics, the fundamental laws are the laws of conservation of linear momentum and of angular momentum (see Mechanics; Momentum). Also fundamental is the conservation law for electric charge.
The law of conservation of mass may be considered valid for chemical reactions (the changes in mass, equivalent to the produced or absorbed energy, are not measurable), but (as was later determined) it is not valid for nuclear reactions, where a much larger quantity of matter is converted into energy. In 1905 Albert Einstein showed, in his special theory of relativity (see Relativity), that mass and energy are equivalent. Consequently, the separate laws of conservation of mass and of energy found a more general and exact formulation as the law of conservation of the total of mass and energy.
The fact that conservation laws exist is related to the existence of underlying symmetries in nature (see Symmetry). This also holds at the level of elementary particles. For example, the conservation of baryon number during particle interactions apparently is underlain by a gauge symmetry, as is the conservation of electric charge.
Does black hole exists?
Finster, Felix(D-MPI-NS); Smoller, Joel(1-MI); Yau, Shing-Tung(1-HRV)
Non-existence
of black hole solutions for a spherically symmetric, static Einstein-Dirac-Maxwell
system.
Comm. Math. Phys. 205 (1999), no. 2, 249--262.
Astronomers
find long-sought evidence confirming black hole
close
to home.
6 September
2001
Duality in Space and Time:
Duality in Space Time and Quantum Mechanics
by Ed Witten
Tao of Physics